Discourse Analysis and Conversation Analysis

(.)            Just noticeable pause

(.3), (2.6)    Examples of timed pauses

word [word 

     [word     The start of overlapping talk.

.hh, hh        In-breath (note the preceding full stop) and out-breath respectively.

wo(h)rd        (h) shows that the word has  “laughter” bubbling within it

wor-           A dash shows a sharp cut-off

wo:rd          Colons show that the speaker has stretched the preceding sound.

(words)        A guess at what might have been said if unclear

(   )          Very unclear talk.  

word=

=word          No discernible pause between two sounds or turns at talk

word, WORD     Underlined sounds are louder, capitals louder still

°word°          Material between “degree signs” is quiet

>word word<    Faster speech

<word word>    Slower speech

↑word          Upward arrow shows upward intonation

↓word          Downward arrows shows downward intonation

→              Analyst’s signal of a significant line

^[1]sobbing    Attempt at representing something hard, or impossible, to write phonetically